Useful questions mins:
U.S. political relations
German reunification
disintegration of the USSR
three countries of the world
Security
Polish Cold War
Commonwealth of Independent States and other
U.S. role in a multipolar world system. Opportunities and threats
U.S. occupies a special position in the world-decide:
- Numbers (24 man in the world is American)
- location (good relations Gosp. And political contacts with neighbors
- self-sufficiency.
dimension determines the power of the economy . The U.S. produces one fifth of world GNP. This potential is equal to the GNP of the whole of Europe despite the fact that the old continent is about-100 million. more people. The U.S. economy is also more efficient than for example in China and has a seven-fold greater potential than Russia. The annual turnover of foreign trade in the U.S. is $ 1,600 billion, and its participation in the investment world - $ 900 billion, total investments of Europe over the last 10 years is $ 30 billion when the investment. U.S. abroad is $ 700 billion. Among the 10 largest companies in the first 5 companies - American. Technologically the U.S. has an advantage over other countries in the field of telecommunications and informatics, which is why most of them belong to the world market. United States has the largest army - 1 million 300 thousand, of which part is stationed permanently in many countries. The U.S. has also, unfortunately, most of the world's illiterate (8mln) due to imperfect szkolnic-twa. Also, the level of health is lower than that. for example, in Japan. Decisions on U.S. foreign policy to require the support of a global inter-tional community. Currently being discussed to limit the actions the U.S. and get to the activities of international interest.
U.S. foreign policy priorities identified: l
. Vulnerable regions - Western Europe, Middle East, Pacific
2.Regions vigilant follow-Latin America, East - Central Europe
3.obszary careful supervision - Russia, China
U.S. until recently occupied the position of leader, but now it becomes part of the world system
Effects reunification of Germany in the economic sphere
determinant status of Germany after the unification is a key location in the heart of Eu-oil and high economic potential. In Europe, no country which compensate for the strength of Germany. The GDP has increased fivefold since the 50s From their position in the markets must to count all countries. Germany became an economic superpower 3 (after the USA and Ja-of Japan).
Germany suffered high costs associated with unification, the consequence has become a growing economic problems. There was a growing national debt and unemployment. Dra-tangentially exports fell, which was associated with high production costs and lower productivity growth. However, Germany nastawiły to maintain its position and quickly to cope with recession. Serve this economic moves (
investment in new jobs, lowering taxes on income from business) and the funding of science and research. Recognizing that the cause of failure of Germany was a low level of participation of high-technology products, it was decided to increase research to sew, but until then the economy enough of imported technology. Since 1994, Germany began to record economic growth and high productivity, and the state debt-tion if not exceeded 50% of GDP. ~ Increased strength of the brand (which is the main currency in the European Monetary System State and the second currency after the dollar-reserve) and the position of the exporter. Began to be created a new shopping area (a similar level in the export markets to small-socialist countries and the USA). Dynamically German banks to grow assets. Germany was funded within 30% of the EEC budget. In the field of German fixed-new important element of economic governance, co-decide about the prospects of development of half-night, and by his aid and the South. The poorest countries receive the aid in form as a non-refundable, other low-interest loans in the form of repayable after 10 years. Help fight poverty primarily concerned with environmental protection, education.
U.S. foreign policy after the disintegration of the USSR
. The disintegration of the Eastern bloc and the Soviet Union had a fundamental influence on shaping global relations. The Western states were interested in the stabilization-tion and progress of peace offering help newly resurgent Russia. They expressed the desire to integrate into the global economy of the USSR. Washington feared the op-armor situation in Russia, and established cooperation could control it. It was considered that no-wa, a strong and democratic Russia will be needed in the new international order.
• Introduction allied relations with Russia and support in promoting the international arena. Supporting economic reforms in Russia $ 24 billion effort and the impact of large capital
• Adoption of Russia to the CIS forces financial stability:
- economic development, economic contracting and the Declaration of Washington Union, which obliged the parties to peaceful cooperation and respect boundaries
• After the election of President Bill Clinton's growing fear of Russia is still powerful in the system of nuclear
- for greater security for Russia's representative cited watchful over non-national security
• "Top 1" between the presidents of Russia and the U.S. led a discussion of problems on the international and financial support for reform in Russia
• Samples a common nuclear policy and a matter of protecting the Soviet arsenal of nuclear weapons in the camp and because of the instability of Russia's promises on arms
• 31/07/1991 signature. of the "Start" by Bush and Gorbachev, with the task of reducing existing nuclear missile systems. It also closes the period of arms control (less checks = less war). This led to a reduction in force-it drowych and withdrawal (unilateral) of all tactical weapons systems from the Euro-py.
• Opting U.S. president with the agreement on the distribution of rotational-ny against ballistic missiles, which led Gorbachev to form the new plan, announcing the emergency appeal, and heavy bomber combat-ers.
• Interest in the U.S. control of nuclear arsenals. The former USSR, and so on-bowing of the other republics to submit to Russia as a central control.
• 1991 - U.S. Congress adopts-aid. $ 400 million earmarked for destruction of parts of the former nuclear arsenal
• Notification of the proposed merger by Yeltsin's early warning systems of the two superpowers.
• Declaration of Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan to become a member bezatomowymi
• Expected compromise between the two superpowers 'Start 2'
• Security guarantee for Ukraine by the U.S. to ratify the "Start 1" and consent to the withdrawal of missiles from its territory - the head of U.S. diplomacy, Ukraine gave $ 27 million to improve security. 18.XL93 ratification of the "Start" but with many reservations.
• Confirmation of the status bezatomowego ACTION Ukraine now take advantage of the guarantee of Russia and the U.S.
• debt cancellation for the supply of oil and gas
• Clinton promises in a meeting with Kravchuk doubling of financial support - the same applies in case of Kazakhstan. The two presidents signed a card of a democratic partnership, which goes beyond the concept of NATO (which included all the elements of economic cooperation). Help USA has been introduced before. Denckimi presidential elections (to better support).
• Moscow Declaration signed between Yeltsin and Clinton stressed the great importance of Russian-American cooperation to maintain stability in the world (and stop experiments with nuclear weapons, a ban on the production of the chapter on supplies) and advocate the concept of "partnership for peace", which was to be pillar of the new security structure in Europe.
• The partnership has a strong importance to Washington because on aspects of the province-nents, but it was not until the end respected by Russia
• 'Launch of U.S. and Russian police, which led to the signing of the first agreement (5 th July) on cooperation between police forces of both countries
• Strengthening the position of Russia, forcing Washington to compromise and concessions
• "Top 3" Clinton-Yeltsin, who was to flesh out the principles of partnership (a new aspect-the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction)
• U.S. fears Russia's disloyalty cases elimination of nuclear weapons
• Russia is not. gives its support for NATO membership , speaking of "natocentry-changed" - and having a privileged position
significant stage of relations is also a question of cost-effective:
• Supporting reforms in Russia
• Prevent isolation from the West
• high cash investment in Russia (joint construction of the space station)
• Support for Russia's participation in the G-7
• The introduction of Russia into the international finance
"Summit" 4:
- has become a discussion on NATO Enlargement (special considerations for Russia) - Russia's position in support of the CFE talks on the extension of relations with Ukraine (want to join the pact evolutionarily)
- presidential election Russia - the unofficial U.S. support
- success the fight against nuclear weapons (June 96 for its complete withdrawal from Ukraine) At the turn of
can observe the great changes taking place in the U.S. throughout the West.
- modification of the concept of national security - an alliance with the CIS countries
- more integration between the international political organizations - the development of one hundred-relations with the Baltic countries
- create a global security system - a rapprochement with NATO
Major changes in Russia under the influence of capital from the U.S., who finished leading position in the in-westycjach on the Russian market. Momentary calm in the west room
Movement non-aligned countries. The nature of the participants, activities In the late 40's and 50's, the confrontation intensified political and strategic areas of Asia. The aspirations of peoples for independence, the armed struggle and war in Asia had a significant influence on foreign policy, the newly liberated-associated countries of this continent. Most of them decided not allied with either the capitalist or socialist countries, just look for opportunities to develop their own, as an independent international policy. This choice allowed a small group of independent yet countries of Asia and Africa for anti-colonial activities and develop-not Asian-African solidarity.
Adoption of a new formula of international relations-not meant go out beyond the traditional neutrality.
In 1954, Indo-China signed the treaty on Tibet, including the principle of peace-ful coexistence called Pancza Szila (5 bases). They helped to shaped-tion of fundamental principles of non-alignment policy.
Pancza Szila are
- mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty - mutual non-aggression
- non-interference in internal affairs of another country - equality and mutual benefit
- peaceful coexistence
established in 1957 at a conference in Cairo, Solidarity Organization Afro-Asiatic. In 1961, a group of 21 countries voted in favor of non-involvement. In the same year-organized conference of 17 countries in Asia, Africa, Yugoslavia, Cuba and representatives of The-temporal Government of the Republic of Algeria, whose task was to determine the nature of the conference
Aligned countries and the criteria for belonging to the service of those countries.
established the following requirements of belonging to the movement:
- conducting an independent foreign policy based on principles of peaceful co-existence, consistently supporting liberation movements
- non-participation in any military pact with the great powers
- Not maintaining its territory of foreign military bases were installed state-da consent. Status of state not involved
obtained on the basis of a unilateral declaration of will or the practical operation of the State. But allows the freedom and unilateral decisions to change foreign policy. Non-Aligned Movement
(Non-Alignment Movement-NAM)-is not a moiety-tion, or block, or an international organization acting under an international agreement. This is a loose group of countries interconnected through acceptance of commonly accepted rules of conduct. Documents are only moving a declaration of intent and have a political nature.
institutions and bodies of the nonaligned movement:
- Conference of Heads of State or Government (Summit)
- Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs
- Coordination Office
- Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement.
- bodies and specialized agencies
movement activities include various kinds of ministerial meetings devoted to specific and symposia and seminars. These include annual meetings of heads of de-legacji all the non-aligned at the UN General Assembly session, a meeting of permanent representatives of the United Nations make up the Group of States Niezaanga-żowanych. Are established as working groups to examine various issues concerning the UN General Assembly.
to institutional forms of movement is of the Fund for Economic and Social Development, the International Centre for Enterprise-Sector for Social Documentation and Research Center Center for Transnational Corporations
basic objectives:
1.utrzymanie and consolidate international peace and security (Actions based on the principles of peaceful coexistence and detente, to counteract any after-sunięciom leading to conflict between the superpowers, etc.)
2.umacnianie national independence (for active opposition to all forms of domination, colonialism and neocolonialism combat, as well as strengthening the unity and solidarity movement • Non-Aligned and avoid interference in their affairs)
3.aktywna members of the co-operation for economic and social development
4.demokratyzacja international relations (the construction of a new international economic order and the new principles of international circulation of information).
At a conference in Jakarta in 1992 to a motion adopted new members: Brunea, Fili-
pins, Burma, Uzbekistan, South Africa in 1994 and Russia has been granted observer status in 1995, Turkmenistan and applications for admission submitted Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Costa Rica.
Dusk East-West conflict, the outline of a new distribution of power in the international arena
When was the scene of a structure of international interactions between states, it's always been a product of the power structure. Entry into the U.S. occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Japan also accelerated its economic development and has become increasingly relevant in the world. The third country that joined the Powers was Italy. Ist-pressure powers continues to this day. But the new system is referenced to the changes, which acceded in 1990, ceased to exist since the USSR and the communist system.
After World War II are certain basic assumptions about the international order, and also created a new, unprecedented situation. Developed a new system that was based on balance and fight two super powers, USA and the USSR. Powers had a monopoly on the possession of nuclear weapons. After the war he obtained the rocks they are discretionary in the sense of superiority, economic, moral and political.
USSR was the most important ally of the anti-Fascist forces. USSR and the USA had a huge impact on deciding the fate of the world. In addition to the balance of power, power they were advocates of different political systems, ideology. "The fight" between them lasted for 45 years, took part in it also states belonging to these systems. This situation has generated-wa inner workings of the international scene.
It meant they fight at every level. Formed the state of international relations called "cold war". It was not possible war, but peace was not realistically achievable. It was not possible to achieve a lasting peace. Growth and development was different between the two systems of countries. The collapse of one pole does not diminish either the potential and influence of U.S. and even removed a number of barriers. Peace is not unified system, it is diversified.
At the meeting, the leaders of all European countries in 1975 in Helsinki, expedition-pared in the plane of the international security sphere go-mic and field contacts.
features of the new system:
-erosion hierarchical alliances, which smaller countries have complied with larger, stronger
-growing trend toward regionalization of such a group of Baltic states
-getting new possibilities to influence the international scene by the powers of the world has changed
-position of small and medium countries
-accelerating process of internationalization and the increasing role of international organizations tions in national life-
international relations has entered a large-scale human body.
Characterize the structure of the so-called countries. Third World. The main causes of an existing diversity
All countries so-called Third World. Southern countries (there are about 130) are formed rapidly and stood before them the problem of choosing the way of development. Almost all have adopted the orientation does not create a political system - social, stood on the grounds of neutrality, regardless of the engagement, peace and sovereignty. They did not want to support either one or the other im-perializmu.
structure of third world countries:
There are 3 groups among 130 countries
• most developed such as Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Asian Tigers, Ma-lesions, Taiwan (GDP per capita of $ 6 thousand and upward, significantly overstate the amount of the re-public of oil)
average development level, ie about 1955 to 1960 large and medium-sized African and Asian countries such as Egypt, Pakistan,
• Least developed countries is about 30% (40-45) countries, especially Black Africa a living from agriculture and pastoralism (GDP per capita of about $ 300 a year - here is the lowest share of industry in GDP is below 10% and the highest percentage of illiteracy).
your Third World are characterized by great potential demographic, a high birth rate, low and uneven levels of development, employment in agriculture (predominantly degree), the lack of psychosocial stimuli, a high degree of conflict (war, ethnic, religious), a high level of justi-plies to most of these countries economically developed countries of Europe; niętymi unsolved-state structures, a high degree of bureaucracy and corruption. Third World Countries
are very diverse. In developed countries (about 20, including Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Asian Tigers, Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, the group of producers of crude oil), national income is between 1-3 thousand. $ Per year per capita. Despite that soweth to the countries included III-go world of. Cultural reasons or get used social-ment port. Średniorozwinięte II countries of the world (55-60) is both large and medium-sized countries such as Egypt, Pakistan, Nigeria, India, Syria, Jordan where incomes reach $ 600-1000 per year. Ok. 1945-1950 Third World countries are least developed countries (mainly African and some Asian (14): Bangladesh, Nepal, Nicaragua), where income-are less than $ 600 per person. year. The characteristics of these countries is the high-tyzm illiterate (about 20% of the population) and a minor share of industry in national income.
foreign policy of Russia after 1991. Basic concepts and orientations
Soviet Union being not only a specific structure of political, economic, social, but it was an empire, which continued the policy-imperial Russia. The disintegration of the USSR was a rules-like borders of the empire of Russia withdrawal, the lines of the eighteenth century. when the Tsarist Russia began its expansion-west. In the Caucasus, Russia has boundaries that were in the early nineteenth century the borders of Central Asia from the mid-nineteenth century disintegration of the USSR
for Russia, it meant cutting off from the Baltic Sea and the republics. Discovering Cabling Ukraine's independence-deprived Russia of its dominant position in the Black Sea. Has significantly reduced the expansion of Russia to the Mediterranean. It is now only one-five contenders for the riches of the Mediterranean basin M.. Russia has also been placed in the face of devastating conflict (G. Karabakh, Ossetia). Russia was faced with a new non-safe situation in the Far East, which is determined mainly dynamic growth of China. The area is Russia's systemic transformation consists of moving away from communism.
Russia's foreign policy today is still not fully determined. Seeks to maintain the widest possible impact of any price. The position of Russia on the international stage decides huge space (equal to 11 time zones) as well as a huge natural resource (25% of global oil production, 10% of the world pro-duction of gas). Russia alongside the United States is the largest producer and holder of the thermo-nuclear weapons.
Russia's foreign policy seeks to ensure that relationship continues to broadcast international level bipolar system. Fighting for an equal position in relation to the United States of doing everything to not allow the U.S. to play-ing with primary role in deciding international policy.
Russian foreign policy is oriented to the fact that international relations based on cooperation with-all states, but does not want to be associated with any of them. Enhance cooperation with Germany, France, to reduce U.S. influence. Russia, among others weapons in Iraq, Iran, to stop the U.S. in this area. Russia is particularly concerned is interested in cooperating with China to regulate the construction of its policy, przewarto-ściowuje some rules. Currently, Russia clash of two concepts of foreign policy-ing:
• According to the concept of Euro-Atlantic overriding interest of Russia is to escape from backwardness-tion and the economic crisis, closer to Western democracy, with which cooperation will help elevate Russia from its current economic problems-chemical. Russia is aware of that will depend on the countries from which it receives assistance.
• According to the concept of Euro-Asian west facing large-crisis, while the growth rate should be dp developing countries, which is why experts are of the opinion that the direction-rować toward Asia (China and even Japan);
In Poland, Russia wants to see the country, who will be attracted to her sense of security, will be her business partner, from which the country will not be put forward at the request of Russia.
prospect of a new European order after the collapse of the communist system
The international community was faced with having to build a new international order-International. At the end of the Cold War proposals are-you build a new order. The most important are: New Pentarchia, Pax Gonsortis, Bigemo-present, Pax Nipponica, unipolar system. New Pentarchii
idea assumes that the most perfect system is a system over which it stabilized-5 centers armed forces, which are able to maintain political and military balance, not allowing for the elimination of other countries on the international scene, treated as an actual or potential allies. Modeled on such a new Pentarchię could create the United States, Japan, China, European Union and Russia. Pax
Consortis is polycentric version of the new international order. The basis for this line of thinking is the assumption that after the collapse of the Soviet Union will weaken the importance of the second pole of the bipolar. This is related to the possible resignation of the United States a dominant position in the world. The U.S. would become just one of many members of the system consisting of equal partners of comparable strength and the role of in international relations. All are equally incur responsibility for international peace and security.
Pax Nipponica - another variant of the starting point is the assumption that a rapidly developing ca to Japan, will become the biggest economic power and can reach the position of super-Powers will take over dominance in the world. Oct Nipponica as a model of leadership in the new international order, with Japan as a hegemonic power, seems to be casting a vision of coal, as the state does not have an extremely important attribute of great power, me-what is the potential nuclear.
Bigemonia - all the attributes of great power were included in the option-ting advocates for more dynamic cooperation between the U.S. and Japan in the management system of world-tion of the economy. This would create two powerful Bigemonię country: United States-ga powerful military, political, and economic and economic power of Japan. This model can be-that the future solution to the dilemma of leadership in the world. Duet powers would be granted primacy in the international arena.
unipolar system - a vision of unipolar system developed gradually in the late 80s of this century. It is still being developed, but has not received yet mature, the overall shape or synthesising and compact form. This vision goes back to windows-ing changes in the Eastern bloc. In view of the situation in the East-ka policy of the United States she could no longer rely on containment strategies or relaxation, which bets the inevitability of US-Soviet rivalry. The aim was to create such an environment in which the role of the Soviet Union would gain a full, credible and responsible partner of the West in international relations. The new role would help recent antagonist use the values \u200b\u200band achievements of the sys-him who brought the world the political freedom and economic development.
the UN's role in the modern world
United Nations (UN) is an organization of an intergovernmental level; do not belong to him no representation, social groups and only the state. The idea contained in the preamble of the UN Charter reads: "Not my rule, only we the peoples of United Nations ..."
The main objectives of the UN include: - maintaining peace and security - the development of international relations (each country regardless of the potential and capacity the area is ob- equal);-promotion and recognition of Human Rights-to promote economic and social progress and cooperation in this field. These objectives are
society as a whole which is their weakness. Their realization can not be based on violations of democratic principles. The method of implementing each country decides independently.
above the I-phase of the great tension in the East - West was the UN plane to the conflict between the two dominant countries. Permanent members of the Security Council (UNSC) are: U.S., USSR, UK, France and China. These countries have the right to veto issues regarding safety issues. In the period The Cold War the UN has been debated, with time on the forum would be the major issue regarding assistance to the countries of the 3rd world. United Nations, but has not been able to eliminate the division into two blocs, however, was of great significance in this process. UN structure has different goals. RB may, for example: to give decisions in relation to countries that violate public order, may invite the Member to cease harmful activities.
existence of 16 specialized organizations, eg WHO, FAO, UNESCO, IMF, etc., comprised of representatives of each Member State and the funds for the Activity of bound assistance to individual countries or the unification of economic life come from membership fees in the national incomes of the state.
UN defines new directions and forms of conflict prevention, suggests a new threat. The most important goal for the future turns out to be a common commitment with the survival of humanity, and security must be understood in a broader sense. Seeks to create a permanent forum at the General Assembly. The idea of \u200b\u200bentrusting the United Nations as a forum of global governance for the future. It is necessary to set-cation by stipulating the norms and principles of social assistance, development aid rather than humanitarian, the introduction of standards in trade (eg prohibition of child labor), reducing harmful-go transport, the introduction of taxes on luxury, the reduction of trade liberalization and her bro-rising living standards in countries of the 3rd world.
How did the reunification of Germany (premises ext. And outer)
German reunification in 1990, closed its 50-year period of the breakdown of the German state into two separate states (systemically and politically). Closed part of Germany, which was the most conspicuous division into two separate blocks. A division occurred in 1949. even though the end of the war were no indications that that there will be two separate states and that the CEC-Stia Germany will belong to the most important factors in the conflict between the USSR and the West. 13.VIII.1961r. the wall erected in Berlin.
• Constitutional goal was to strive for the reunification of Germany. K. Party-era Adenau this distinguished itself as a strategic goal: to strive for the reunification of Germany as a restoration of pre-1939 borders.
• In the second half of the 60s in Germany there is a new, different concept of the Call of Germany through approximation: the conditions for the reunification of Germany can be made only on the basis of an agreement with Zerr. However, the USSR would agree to unification when Germany proclaim neutrality (ie, inter alia, withdraw from NATO).
• Germany under the leadership of social democracy establish relations with the USSR and VII of the 1970 treaty is signed between the USSR and Germany.
• Dec 1970 - Willy Brand in Warsaw - a treaty is signed with the Polish, which entered the irreversibility of the borders on the Oder and Neisse.
• Changes in the socialist countries in the 90's, allow you to change Germany's position or to achieve reunification: under the influence of far-reaching political and social reforms in the Soviet Union begins at the GDR population movements that go into mass movements: 6-7 September 1989 held in Berlin and throughout East a great feast "50 years of the GDR" - 10 days later, the demonstrations are taking place (the desire to change the system.)
• formed a plan for the GDR: food aid, reconstruction of transport infrastructure, medical assistance, to establish relationships that may lead to a confederation of states.
• In March of 1990. held the first elections in the GDR wills (wins chrześcijaniska democracy); GDR authorities condone the opening of borders, 9 Nov 1990 following the breakdown of the Berlin Wall.
• Conference shall be established "two plus four" (France, USA, Soviet Union, Great Britain-present and the two German states) in order to restore full sovereignty of the state, meeting in Bonn: V, VII, X, 1990.
Unification Treaty contains five conditions:
- Limits are the limits of two German states;
- The peaceful character of Germany - Germany is to lead peaceful policy, and arms may be used only with permission of the UN;
- united Germany must give up possession and dispose of weapons of mass Input destruction (NBC - nuclear, biological, chemical);
- From the site of a united Germany to withdraw the army of the USSR;
- Germany remains in the structure of NATO.
List the most important reasons for the situation of least developed countries and point to ways of overcoming
After World War II as a result of decolonization created 130 new member, called the "Third World countries" or "southern countries". These countries combine the two main elements in common: the colonial past and underdevelopment. Differentiation-economic chambers it is precisely the basis for dividing the world into rich north and poor south, and over time the disparity between the two countries increased more and a more. Deepened also differences between countries and regions in the third world.
reasons for this is a great deal: low per capita income less than $ 600 per year, high illiteracy, a minor share of industry in national income, and hence low energy consumption, most people live from agriculture, a large ethnic background konfliktogenność , ethnic or racial; in these areas live 2 / 3 world's population that lives on the edge of poverty, 1.5 billion. There is no access to clean drinking water, 3 million. People in these countries die from water-borne diseases, is very high water pollution, air, forested areas, and this raises the problem of massive pro-of environmental pollution.
know for sure that the rich North will not be able to develop without the development of the poorest countries in the south which is 80% of the world's backwardness. They can multiply your wealth without the development of Third World countries, so there must invest heavily in direct assistance in these areas.
formed a strong group of 77 countries at a conference in Geneva, which integrates these ladies-security and developing cooperation between them. Recently requested a developmental gap-tion between them. Put forward a plan to create an association of debtors and creditors. This group also has specific ideas on what to trade, investment and scientific and technical cooperation, to help the neediest countries of the Third World. I followed the process of moving investments, especially multinational corporations in the direction of Third World countries such as: automotive, computer, texting - mainly to Asian countries. Third World with its demand, is the area of \u200b\u200bexports for many world powers such as: U.S. exports to these areas 40% of its ca-Lego exports, the EU 47%, Japan 48%. In recent years, these countries there has been a significant revival of growth-ne, the growth rate was 5%, and in midnight 2%. The share of coun-tries of the Third World in the output increases. The country's foreign trade Third World-it is not already participating but półprzetworzonymi raw agricultural products. In the near future, China's gross national product will exceed the U.S. gross national product. Absorption of imported wa Third World countries to grow and will be a new world order.
What opportunities and threats facing the countries of Central and Eastern Europe during the systemic transformation?
the transition following transformation: the structure of society, within the group interests and social awareness. With changes on the way to go-market economy and parliamentary often do not keep up with changes in awareness-. All the positive side of the capitalist economy are accepted, but ways-to raise the investigation to the different feelings. Economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 is seen as the overall changes in the go-nomic countries in the region involving the shift from centrally planned economies, centrally planned economy towards a distribution which is the main regulator of the market mechanism. In the era of transition appeared dangerously or threat mendations barriers in the transition to democracy and market economy. The sfe-sculpture of the economy are the overlapping symptoms of a structural crisis (ie the growth of the FOR IN jobs and inadequate structure of ownership in agriculture, industry dominance of heavy industry, while poor growth of some branches of light industry and services) and the business cycle, and an unequal cost-sharing reforms in society. Re-injuries caused in the political system on the one hand to restore rights and liberty of individual and collective, on the other hand the trigger political aspirations. Its corollary is a political and social pluralism, but also the associated symptoms of a non-political stability. All these phenomena weaken the strength of civil society and impede the transition to democracy. Promoting a culture of citizen-European and democratic institutions, consistency in implementing economic reforms, clearly delimit the borders of the state power are necessary to overcome crises and create the necessary safeguards against the revival of the trend au-torytarnych.
transformation process so far can identify barriers to development. These include in particular: market barriers (lack of a sufficiently developed market institutions, unfavorable structure of production and inadequate ownership changes); barrier Personnel (poor preparation for managerial staff, poor knowledge and incomplete understanding of the no-tion of economic principles and the slow rebuilding of social mentality), the capital barrier (no capital for the modernization of enterprises, structural transformations in the economy, the privatization process); barrier sufficiently underdeveloped infrastructure (eg telefonizacja, bad roads).
collapse of communism has brought a variety of changes and re-evaluation of international relations in Europe. Resulted in the development of integration processes and globalization of international relations. The most delayed in the transition to a democratic system of democracy and market economy, Bulgaria, and Romania, while Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic are included in the leaders of change. All these countries seek to join the system of Western institutions. In recent years they have taken several initiatives intended to institutionalize-tion relations. These are: the Council of Baltic Sea States, it (1992), the Central European Initiative (1989), the Central European region signed the Central European-sano Agreement Free Trade - CEFTA (1992). The newly-rose, the post-Soviet area, the State exhibit different attitudes in the inner politics and foreign policy. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to successfully implement the reform proryn-tional and declare their desire to join Western institutions. In Ukraine, despite the weakness bych progress in the reforms of political and economic trends are observed to maintain independent from Russia. Russia seeks to play a major role in the Euro-py-Central and the restoration of the Soviet model, its own sphere of influence in this area. Utilizes the strategic location of the circuit kalingradzkiego, Regulation began the process of re-integration with Belarus, in order to prevent the inclusion of that country to the Western structures.
Summarise the main world power and justify their current position
Since there is scene International (understood as a system of mutual relations, after-bonds, the relations between states) is always the core, were principal members of the Powers. Powers feature: 1potęgą, great potential for economic-ing, economic, military 2duży 3znaczna range of influence of the strength of influence (the possibility of subordination the other states, entities). Always on the influence in the world dominated by superpowers, has always been their little approximately 5 - 8
Start-nineteenth century (years Congress of Vienna) 5 Powers: Austria-Hungary, Prussia, England, France, Russia. The beginning of the twentieth century-above power + United States, Japan, Italy. These powers have survived only to the First World War, resulting in the collapsed Austro-Hungary. The period after World War II-developed a new system, which lasted 45 years. As a result of accumulated capital, military capacity, nuclear dominance of the two countries gained SUPERMOCARSWTA United United or connected and the USSR. The international system was bipolar system, each of the two superpowers had their areas of influence, the two superpowers ryzowały characterized by different systems of economic values, economic-right path of a dream these differences were the seed of the subsequent disintegration of the system.
structure of the new international system (three tiers):
And the U.S. - not as a superpower in the sense of politico-military, but as a superpower
II Regional Powers - formerly there were also strong, but now changed their role. They are: China, India (rapid development), Brazil, Russia, Japan, EU
III secondary regional powers: Pakistan, Ukraine, Argentina, etc. They expect the U.S. that will be for superpowers against the weight for regional dominance.
Among regional powers, there are contradictions, the fight competitive. Formed sys-tem, which is not dwubiegunowy.USA is the greatest power, but is not able to comprise a higher-impact on all countries. The role of other countries is clearly rising. Today, the primary factor in failure absolutizing one pole is a trend toward regionalization, the creation of regional centers. Regions and Powers themselves are becoming centers. In connection with the new constellation significantly increases the role of small and medium-sized countries. During the Cold War, there was no room for genuine democracy. Today, those relations entered a man, human rights, respect for their dignity - human age is becoming one of the criteria for evaluation.
Commonwealth of Independent States. Origin, nature, main goals, perspectives
leaders of the three Slavic republics of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine at a meeting in the forest Forest entered into an agreement about the creation of the CIS. It concluded that the Soviet Union as an entity of international law and a geopolitical reality no longer exists.
21st Dec 1991 in Alma Ata, signed the protocol finds a vocation to the life of the CIS. Under-written it 11 countries. Georgia signed the 1993 final. Not signed, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia present. This could be done by grassroots movements and the demands of the republics, which led to the announcement by Gorbachev piereistroiki. CIS was founded at a time when these countries have been strongly linked with other parts of the former USSR. Their dependence on the actual non-nodule in question. This policy was based on a limited view of these republics to the center mainly economic. It was a conscious creation of industrial monocultures in some regions to make them in other areas of industry-serving than the other regions. Each region was not producing the final product. On the eve of the collapse of the USSR ties between the republics were stronger than ever. The share of global production here was there for about 20%. The relationship stemmed from the fact that 60% of total production of the gross national product of Russia. From it flowed the vast majority of demand and after-splashdown that the solution to the USSR and the creation of the CIS were directed to maintain these ties, since independence was not easy. After the collapse of the USSR CIS republics signed an agreement on a common defense, the creation of common army. There is a joint initiative to create a peacekeeping force. The boundaries of sovereign states were not subject to et-border tradition but were an administrative legacy of the Soviet Union. Created motion without devi-brown. Currently, the former Soviet Union areas are areas of severe competition. It mainly concerns oil, mining and routes messages.
process of liquidating the colonial system and its effects
Colonialism can be defined as a policy of conquest and acquisition of foreign territories and subjugate its inhabitants. Creating a colonial empires-tion serve both purposes economic and the political and strategic objectives. As a result of colonization in the early twentieth century, vast territories in Africa, Asia, America, almost all have been divided, and subordinate to several European countries. Created huge colonial empires engaged in more than 73 million km 2, accounting for approximately 55% of the world. They lived around 35% of the total population at that time. Is growing-not the processes that led to the collapse of the colonial system, was held for many years. First, they cover Asia and Africa. A fast-paced dekolo-organization decided the combination of various factors: a World War II, which contributed to the growth of national awareness and the colonial population. The war caused wala economic development of the colonial countries, and it was caused by the increased per-potrzebowaniem for strategic raw materials and food, the need to build industrial plants and communications line outside Europe, two post-war rivalry between the three Western powers rivalry between East and West 4-salaried activity
UN The first stage of the liquidation of the colonial system took a decade from 1945 to 1955. During this period, gained independence 11 Asian countries and one African. Some of these countries gained independence through armed struggle (Vietnam, Indonesia). The first stage of decolonization concluded solidarity conference of 29 countries in the Asia-dungu Ban in 1995, which strongly advocated for a rapid and complete liqui-dation of colonialism and supported the liberation struggle of the colonial countries and peoples depend-tion.
Since the mid 50 to mid 60's took the second stage of decolonization. Then came the most speed up the process of liberation of colonial peoples. Of the 42 countries that went in-part of the international community until it gained independence in 1930 in Africa. Until 1960, the continent was only 9 independent states. In the same year there was one more 17th Not without reason in the history of decolonization year 1960 is a called a "year of Africa". Most of these countries gained independence following solutions are political, but some of them armed struggle, such as Algeria. The third stage decoders lonizacji began in mid 1960 and lasted until 1975. Crumbled remains of the British Empire in the Middle East and the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa-ce. In addition, decolonization took a small and peripheral estates, including those located Basin, not the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific. In the fourth stage of decolonization, which began in 1976 and most important was the problem of the liberation of Namibia, illegally zaanekto-ANCES by Unions of South Africa (now South Africa) and the final decolonization of the territories dependent Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands in Africa, Latin America and Asia. This phase of decolonization of grass to the present. Serious impact on the development and an acceleration of the process of decolonization had to the United Nations. Of particular importance will play a UN-wa in the process of decolonization of dependent areas that have not undergone systematic says the trusteeship of the organization. IMPLICATIONS
decolonization decolonization led to a shift in power in the UN. Joint Soviet bloc of votes, its European and Asian allies, and later other countries of the Afro-Asiatic weakened the U.S. position in this organization. As a result of decolonization was 130 countries with different level of civilization, economic, socio-political. Eventually adopted a definition of these countries as developing countries, often used interchangeably with the concept of the Third World. These countries are characterized by a lack of social discipline, weak legislation, deficiencies in the observance and enforcement law, negligence, arbitrariness officials of, corruption. The facts of most third world countries shows underdevelopment, which is the result of colonial exploitation and the mistakes made in economic development after independence. Heavy burden is also steadily increasing debt of the Third World countries, which in 1995 exceeded 1.5 trillion level czyło $. According to the World Bank two years later the debt had risen to $ 2 trillion and interest payments on loans exceeded the amount received new loans.
What was the reason the Cold War?
disintegration of the USSR was not the sole cause of the Cold War. Other factors include: 1powstanie huge group of Third World countries (over 100) - they occupied the position critical of this rivalry, not joined to any of the blocks 2wielki Breach in the circle of communist states, the tendency to autonomy China - one-ly reduced the strength of one of the superpowers 3coraz gaining greater advantage of the free market economy, centralized 4czynnik civilization - at the end of this period-it new media, telecommunications have led to violations of the iso-lation of one of the two poles.
most important provisions of the Treaty on the reunification of Germany
September 12, 1990 in Moscow, a conference was held "two plus four" (represented by the two German states and the four occupying powers, the level of foreign ministers) - found a signed agreement on the Final Settlement Case of Germany. What gave Germany the treaty and what is prohibited? 1traktat defined area of \u200b\u200bthe ladies-ment of German, gave the geographic dimension of the new state laws and 2zniesienie-sponsibility of the four powers 3pełna sovereignty Germany (the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its troops within 4 years) 4zniósł occupation of Berlin and turned it into an area of \u200b\u200ba united Germany as a land 5Niemcy states retained the right to keep-ing statutes member of NATO. Germany RESPONSIBILITIES:-a commitment that does not take nig-dy actions that could disrupt the sm-abandonment of production and possession of weapons of destruction-cial-in Germany will not be stationed troops than any other German-Germany will reduce the size of its army to 370,000
causes collapse of the USSR
main reason for collapse of the USSR stuck in the assumptions of the system. This system eliminated-appointed his competition, innovation, created a state of contempt for trade, entrepreneurship eliminated. System of planned economy (a whole range of do's and don'ts) made the country more mobile to the great efforts and changes, but only during the war, when peace could not be effective, has not kept pace with technology from western countries. On the eve of the collapse of civilization there has been a drop 1stopa economic growth of the USSR over the years (+ the above factors) led to the fact that on the eve of the disintegration of this large area (250 million. People) produce only 8% of the world global product-US 28%) 2wydajność labor employed in industry in the USSR between 2-10 times lower than in the U.S. (a farmer produced food for the 75 Americans, 1 kolkhoznik produce food for the 10 citizens of the USSR).
East issue in Polish politics
range of issues that were the subject of Poland's eastern policy, is vast. Main design concern during the initial phase was the regaining of sovereignty required the transformation of political, military and economic, including the rejection of the existing alliance relationships and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Polish. For the recovery of economic relations was necessary to use the accounts in foreign currencies convertible the years, according to world prices. This resulted in the collapse of the exchange in economy. Among other issues were, protection of the Polish minority scattered throughout the USSR by-LEGO, the matter of return looted treasures, and so-called. "White spots" in the dealings of Polish-Soviet relations. Rebuilding
also require multilateral relations, which meant primarily co-necessity solutions to old structures (the Warsaw Pact and Comecon.), Which in the past, the instrument of Soviet domination. Moscow did not want them to become easily Regulation, because they were also an attribute of its superpower role. The attitude was a Polish-significant. Thanks to close cooperation with Hungary and Czechoslovakia were able to solve first structure of the military, then the same layout as the military-political alliance (01.07.1991r.). A slightly more complex issue was the elimination of CMEA. Council countries-shafts was located in a situation of enforced and primitive, but far-reaching interdependence is equivalent to over two thirds of turnover of each of them accounted for by other members of Comecon. Its definitive solution took place in June 1991.
Given processes occurring in the USSR. And other interests of the Polish reason of state, our country in its relations with the eastern empire has formulated and implemented since 1990. two-track policy: relations with the "center" (the authorities of the USSR.) and the development of relations with the bent-ing to the emancipation of the republics, particularly European. An expression of this policy have been traveling our politicians not only to Moscow, to Kiev, but also whether the Min-ska, forming the basis for future cooperation with Russia, Ukraine, etc. It was difficult because not facilitate policy dialogue with the Polish Soviet Union., While the Western countries strongly supported Gorbachev, who sought to maintain the Union and avoid contacts with the republics. Regulation of speech on the withdrawal of troops, in economic matters, the two-sided treaty, the settlement of the past moved on reluctantly. The dialogue was particularly handicaps in multiple choices m-cache before and after the coup in the last days of the Soviet Union managed to initial the treaty and the Polish-Soviet agreement to withdraw troops. The collapse of the USSR
significantly changed the geopolitical situation in the east of the Polish. Appeared in four countries. The development of bilateral relations was determined to turbulent processes ext. These countries. Creating sovereignty was non-linear. In May 1992, concluded with Russia treaty on friendly and good neighborly cooperation, which governs the overall bilateral relations. The actual normalization of these relations depends on the stability ext. Russia (mainly in trade and other fields of international trade.)
since 1993. worsening relations with Russia. Moscow announced that the Europe-Central East belongs to the realm of historical interest, as was seen in its opposition to NATO enlargement to the countries of Central Europe.
The eastern policy of particular importance to relations with the independent Ukraine. Poland is trying to grow with the country wide-ranging cooperation in many fields. It is based on a treaty on good-neighborly, friendly relations and cooperation. The strategic importance of these relationships underline the frequent high-level meetings. Pol-ska has also concluded many contracts and agreements with Belarus, a major difficulty in this relationship turns out to be a slow return of Belarus to Russia. (Which means a decrease in interest in relations with Central Europe) as well as the unclear political situation in Ukraine. The dynamics of development of these countries depends on the speed of their transformations ext. and the degree of dependence on Russia. Poland is developing and relations with Lithuania, despite the difficulties posed by the Lithuanian side. This applies mainly to national minorities, and the dispute over the interpretation of the Polish-Lithuanian relations in the past. These issues meant that Lithuania was the only neighbor with whom we have not had since March 1994. concluded a bilateral agreement
geopolitical changes in the world after the collapse of the Soviet Union and their effects
With the collapse of the Soviet Union (25 XII 1990) and dissolution of the Warsaw Pact being timely ACKGROUND series of changes. First of all, took place disintegration of the bipolar system. Western states have lost an opponent who was the reason for the consolidation of political, mili-humanitarian response, and establishment in their area. The disintegration of the Soviet Union meant that the U.S. has become the only world-tion supermocerstwem. Although some states are great powers: Japo-ing, Germany - in economic terms, China and Russia - the power of having a military nuclear arsenal, none of them can not resist the power of what is now the United States in economic, political, military. US-pracowuje you about 20% of global gross domestic product, is dominated by American technology in the world, the world's largest companies have their headquarters in that country. U.S. has nuclear arsenal, has deployed troops in the area almost the entire world, play a dominant role in international organizations - UN, World Bank, NATO.
your former Eastern bloc and former Soviet republics with the disintegration of the Soviet Union gained independence. Soviet troops were withdrawn from the area.
After the collapse of the bipolar system can be the unification of Germany. State-sented it became one of the world's biggest economies (currently in first st place in the world in terms of capital investment) and the largest in Europe, where he serves as a leading (It is the Central Bank of Germany was responsible for the role of credit-ing of the new European currency Euro.) In the area of \u200b\u200bEurope was established 18 new countries (collapse of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). Most of them seek to join the European structures of NATO (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary is a NATO member since 1999).
For Russia, the collapse of the USSR meant primarily the return to the borders of the nineteenth century (on the western border to return to the state borders of 1600) the loss of the zone of influence and position-ing a superpower in international relations. Also implied the need to define foreign policy in the new conditions (probably Russia will strive-lived closer cooperation with France, Germany - to the west and China - to the east, to weaken the U.S. position in these areas.)
disintegration of the USSR allowed the one hand, to obtain the sovereignty of the Soviet republics, on the other hand, however, this has led to creation of a series of local conflicts - Nadniestrze, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya
contradictions and conflicts in the countries of the area. 3-go world, ways of their solution-sions of the
Current development disparity that makes countries of the 3rd World (there are approximately 130) are synonymous with instability internal and possibilities of conflict (on the background of underdevelopment). More than half the population of these countries live in poverty,!, 5 million people lack access to clean drinking water, resulting in high mortality from infectious diseases transmitted by water. The debt of these countries is around $ 2 trillion, which is why it is necessary to change in economic policy - Social those countries. Assistance, among others. in the form as loans does not meet the desired objectives. This also applies to foreign invest-ment.
countries of the 3rd world is very diverse. Ok. 20 countries, despite the fact that their national income ranges from 1-3 thousand. $ 1 per year per capita, is among the countries of the 3rd world (for reasons of cultural or social habits.) Only they with this great community, provide as much as 75% growth (70 or 25% increase, which falls on about 120 other countries).
All colonial powers no longer exist, but the effects of divisions and colonial rule continue to be felt today. Drastic internal conflicts and hunger is a widespread phenomenon on the African continent. The democratization process in developing coun-tries of the 3rd world is facing enormous difficulties, because a larger role after-sections tribal than political. Great impact on the division of Africa was the rivalry of great powers for influence in the young African countries. Lack of stability is a major weakness in the countries of the 3rd world. In addition to ethnic conflicts are religious unrest between Christians and Muslims. Military rule characterized by a number of arrests-ment, human rights violations, persecution of the opposition. There is a desire to establish civil authority. For example, South Africa's new government is trying to resolve evolutionary conflicts and conflicts among others. by providing free medical care for children, through the reform of education, annulled the illegal expropriation of land-connection of the black population, are placed into large projects economic development (electrification, construction). Faced with the many conflicts of the OAU is powerless. The solution of these problems requires large financial resources and a lot of time, as decreased interest in the countries of the Great Powers of the 3rd world at the time of expiry of the rivalry between them. Besides the need to overcome jet-black population harder impatience.
New conditions of Polish security
With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Treaty Warsaw, Poland became a country unconnected with any partner, militarily, politically. Ensuring security of outer-it required the accession of Poland to the North Atlantic structures (Poland because of its location between the zones of influence between the two empires can not be a neutral state.) This process was preceded by a period of preparation for the state of participation in this structure. In 1994, the agreement was entered into "partnership for peace-ju." Under this agreement, Poland took part in joint exercises province-skowych on Polish territory and other countries. Polish troops also took part in the inter-wencjach armed forces, together with countries - members of NATO (GROM unit in Haiti).
In July 1997, in Madrid, Poland was officially invited to talks on NATO membership (which was undoubtedly the success of Polish foreign policy.) Final adoption of the Polish accession to NATO took place in 1999, the Polish Adoption of the pact means the need to adapt structures to the requirements of the defense pact (best adapted to NATO standards are military communication systems, the adaptation is also important, some military units, while the least is the Polish Air Force - that is associated with a necessity to purchase aircraft military).
Besides NATO, Poland is also a member of the OSCE (the organization was founded in 1995 by transforming the CSCE) and is an organization aiming to develop international relations based on security in the area of \u200b\u200bEuropean and Soviet (plus the U.S. and Canada). In the future, is expected to increase the importance of the OSCE in the credit-sible to European security. Poland is also an associate member of the WEU, which also aspires to become the main pillar of European security.
International balance of power between the North and South after the collapse of a two-pole
Countries
3-go world created in the former colonies, which for 200 years were in the hands of great powers. Breakdown of the colonies took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The process of colonization has nevertheless taken place well before the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The result of colonization of the world was divided between twelve great imperial powers. The leading cities were England, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Ms., Portugal, the Netherlands (including Indonesia and Malaysia), and Belgium. Until 1945, they wowały reporting authority over more than 600 million people. Colonialism as a form of rule based on the exploitation the conquered territories and societies. Sidedness in this relationship gave birth to the phenomenon of economic backwardness and degradation such as hunger. Goods imported from Europe resulted in the disappearance of local manufacturing and industry. There was the phenomenon of environmental degradation and depletion of raw materials. European countries with the red-lieves colonial countries enormous benefits.
collapse of the system that existed over 200 years, it came quite rapidly, but it was the result of long-term process. After WWII release followed in stages: Stage I
-1945-55 - a decade under the sign of superiority in Asia. 11 countries were + African country's independence
-1955-65 Stage II - the liberation of the peoples of Africa. Until the early 1960's there were only 9 of sovereign states, and in 1960 was liberated in 1917. In the year 1965 were 42 independent countries, including 32 in Africa
-After 1965 the third stage - the remnants of the colonial empire collapse and disintegration of the English colony of the Portuguese in the early 70's.
There is a group of countries that do not belong to either the East bloc, or for-stern. These were countries with a low level of development, with an incoherent structure inside the country and a large diversity. In the beginning were call them developing countries or underdeveloped. In the mid-50s, French intellectuals have proposed the collective term - third world countries of Non-Aligned Movement
:
countries of the 3rd world need to define its place in the world after winning the status of independent states. Had the choice of routes: first
follow the highly developed countries in the west, but there was a gap in the level of economic development
second follow the road east, which was connected with the choice of socialist orientation and the need to carry out transformations of the political system along the model Soviet-go, which meant the communist economy, society, women-state structure. Only a few countries have gone this route
third seek their own way, as an independent policy for the maintenance of Afro-Asiatic newly acquired sovereignty. Respect for the integrity, nonaggression, noninterference in internal affairs of other countries, equality and mutual-benefit helps minimize unpleasant, peaceful coexistence are the basic principles relied upon by the third world countries. In 1955, a conference was held at In-donezji, involvement in the 29 countries that have agreed to cooperation and strive to maintain the peace. Soon
was created Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, at a conference in Belgrade, took part in 25 countries. The conference took the leaders of third world countries and Yugoslavia (opposing the influence of the USSR). This movement has met with condemnation from the USSR and the USA. Both camps have sought to ensure that the newly formed state were in their zone of influence. The movement gradually as the emergence of new countries, increased their numbers. In 1989, 100 countries belonged to the ACC, the conference in Cartagena in 1995 114 countries. Combined them in the same ce-le, interests, a similar economic situation. To join the movement such as Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and the post-Soviet Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
ACC is a form of cooperation, not an international organization, no group of formal-ing participation, no specific strategies and policies. It is a form of consolidation of states, which does not have an institutionalized form, based on the determination of inter-national situation and on the basis of common objectives, the movement only to coordinate cooperation between states. Held several conferences, which sought to define this situation is making the transformation, development and against this background the situation of third world countries, and not designate a specific directive to do. ACC has become a mass movement (about 115 countries), is an effective means of pressure such as the United Nations. On the other hand, efficacy of movement is limited because there is no obligation to enforce the resolutions, it is not binding on the membership. It is primarily a political force that affects the balance of power in contemporary international relations. This layout is now much diversi-cowany. However, played a large role in completion of the process of decolonization, as well as in dialogue with developed countries. Currently, traffic plays a significant role in the formation of regional agreements.
To help third world countries need the concerted efforts of the countries concerned, and support of other countries and organizations like the UN and the private sector (large corporations). Strategic aid addresses the needs of all countries of South-East are necessary credits and development, technological assistance, not only a humanitarian emergency assistance. These countries need the knowledge on the subjects of management and organisa-tion, and so comprehensive assistance. Unfortunately, currently targeted aid does not provide an opportunity for sustainable development, concentrated on a small group of most developed countries in December of the third-pie entourage -2 / 3 of aid is directed to only 8 out of 130 countries of the South. Objectives
countries of the South: • The most important problem
unifying third world countries, despite the various tradi-tion, religion, culture, is to overcome the huge gap, disproportionate to the rich countries of the North. Their common goal is adverse change in interest-tion as a global economic market mechanisms, which are unable to cope, overcome economic disparities.
• mutually beneficial relations with the countries of the North, which should contribute to the development of third world countries. These countries require not only humanitarian aid policy.
now created opportunities for shifts of the third world countries. The countries of the third suite are likely to be increasingly less dependent on the rich North, it-provided that their development will be sustainable. In relation to the North are twice as high development indicators such as GDP growth of 2% per annum North, South. 5%. Significant changes in the structure of world sculpture DB occur for the benefit of third world countries.
In 1977, thirteen percent of the world produce PB third world countries, now about 29%. 20 consecutive years, about 50% (the forecast).
third world countries is a huge market: U.S.
42% of export to third countries, entourage, the European Union 47%, Japan 48%. Competitiveness factors
third world countries:
- low wages of about 0.5 $ (Germany about 30 $)
-
longer work day - a growing share of exports of finished products.
It is anticipated that there will be a significant reshuffling in the ranking of the leading countries in the world, estimates for 2025 are that: three quarters of world production in southern countries will produce and 1 / 4 produces the world's production will be the countries of the North.
optimistic outlook for China in particular (high growth rate, yield great-months, foreign investment), which predicts the first place, the third Japan, referred to as Indonesia, India, North Korea, Brazil, Thailand, etc. But the condition is no introduction to the north-South relations. Development-friendly principles. Conflicts
dawning of the third country can be divided into:
- external border problem-solving
- interior consisting of a clash of different communities, nationalities and religions.
Frequent social problems poverty-stricken countries by the desire to expose higher-odrębnienia own state. As of today, led to the creation of some 300 states.
crisis of modern Russia, causes, effects of affairs, the implications of inter-birth
Russian Federation after the disintegration of the Soviet Union continues to remain a great country, who resides near the 150-million. People. It is therefore a potentially huge market, both product-and sales as well. However, in practice the situation is much worse.
Russia has huge problems with maintaining the whole of their territory - as its integral parts of Chechnya and Tatarstan seeking to secede from Russia, or to obtain the widest possible autonomy. In this way, Russia's budget affects fewer of cash from uniezależniających republics.
Similarly problematic is the economic situation in Russia - market-oriented reforms introduced in turn produce different effects such as very large income differences among people. The misery of living in Russia's fourth population (that is, nearly 40 million people), the situation of pensioners is equally tragic (and several million people who received ceived pensions can live very modestly just a few days). The level of revenue to citizens has fallen by about 50% compared to 1991, while there is a large group of people possessing great wealth, often invested abroad. Case law to pay taxes does not exist - you pay taxes, only about 20% of the society, which state revenues are extremely low. These influences also reduces the enormous corruption, which is estimated at about $ 21 billion a month (which represents an annual budget of Russia). Another very important problem is the huge foreign debt of Russia - more than $ 100 billion inherited from the Soviet Union and more than $ 25 billion debt to Russia itself. On a very bad economic situation has also affected the structure developed mafia, which operates large amounts of "dirty" money.
Another problem is the continuing imperial aspirations of Russia, inherited from the former Soviet Union. Maintaining a large army consumes enormous resources, to which Russia can not afford. Despite this, successive presidents are still drowning in the army billion dollars trying to prevent its complete collapse. However, Russia's position in the international arena is getting worse, because the prestige of the military is falling, which is particularly associated with the war in Chechnya, where Russia is quite ridicule,
Corruption, economic and political instability, mafia activity and increasingly hot st military situation led to the fact that Russia is increasingly in the world is perceived as a very weak state, and standing at a lower position in the negotiations. One can even say that such a deep economic crisis and the military led to a significant deterioration in internal and international situation of Russia, who, despite many reforms will be of extremely difficult to overcome
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