I. Balance of payments and balance of payment
country's balance of payments, balance balance of payments, balance of payment mechanisms for policy measures to restore the balance of payments equilibrium level of expenditure, the exchange rate and balance of economic adjustment programs of the international monetary fund and World Bank.
II. Trade policy
term trade policy
instruments (tools)
-trade policy arguments for favoritism.
directions and trends in foreign trade policy after World War II.
objectives and principles of the GATT and the WTO
III. International economic integration
term international economic integration (definitions, rationale,
issue of international integration and national sovereignty)
models of economic integration
EUROPEAN UNION as the most advanced form of economic integration
form of a common integration policy
principles of a market outside
Poland and the European economic integration.
first Balance of payments and balance of payment
country's balance of payments, balance of payments equilibrium, mechanism of balance of payments equilibrium
balance of payments is a synthetic statement of all payments made between residents of a foreign national, for a specified period, usually one calendar year.
main purpose of the compilation of balance of payments is to provide information on the state financial relations with foreign countries, intended for business administration.
It acts on the state's economic policies, notably:
• monetary
• fiscal
• shopping •
exchange rate.
balance is a statement drawn up according to general accounting principles. Transactions are classified as credit him (he has) or debit (must).
credit transactions are transactions that result in receipt of payments from foreign entities.
and debit transactions are those transactions that require payments to foreign entities
on the part of the country. Total transactions in the balance of payments: There are two basic parts
• Current account
• Capital account
Thus, the balance of payments recorded:
• increase or decrease in various types of foreign assets and liabilities,
• increase or loss of real property abroad or a foreign in the country and
• changes in monetary gold reserve and resource special drawing rights (SDRs).
balance of payments
Formally, an accounting point of view, the balance of payments is always balanced.
current account balance should be equal to the balance of capital turnover
adjusted by the change in reserves. Capital Turnover
tell us, from what sources the deficit was financed or what was consumed current account surplus.
If the turnover of capital do not compensate for the deficit or surplus The current account, these functions are absorbed by the reserve payment.
not offset by capital turnover of the current account deficit will reduce their respective
. The current account surplus, if not compensated
export of capital, increases the payment provisions.
When reserves fall payment is large and rapidly increasing long-term foreign debt, the payment reduces the credibility of the country.
actual balance occurs when the receivables and trade payables are taken without restrictions and not accompanied by a persistent surplus for a long time or deficit of assets and liabilities.
is the apparent equilibrium occurs when the balance
autonomous transaction is achieved due to restrictive foreign exchange policy or commercial property.
Besides the concept of balance of payments is the term used in international investment position of the country.
It represents a total amount and structure of the domestic assets abroad and foreign country, usually at the end of the year.
balancing mechanisms of balance of payments equilibrium between
internal and the external balance of the country there is a close correlation
.
It is the stronger, the greater the degree of economic liberalization, including economic relations with foreign countries.
This close relationship makes the issue of balance of payments can not be analyzed solely in terms of the exchange rate and trade policy and international capital flows, but more broadly in the context of inner balance.
starting point in analyzing the macroeconomic factors influencing the balance inner and outer equation is:
Ex-Im/kurs = (O-n + (P-WJ =-turnover capital
where: Ex - Exports, The - import, O - savings, 1 - investments, P - Taxes , Wb - budgetary expenditure.
These dependencies are derived from the equation: Y =
K + 1 + Wb + Ex - Im / rate
and O = Y - P - K,
where: Y national income, K - consumption.
three-pronged approach
Such interdependence can issue internal and external balances of the three considered fundamental points of view: first
current account balance and its impact on the trade balance and exchange rate;
second internal equilibrium shaped to a large extent a change of saving and investment relationship, the level of taxation and expenditure;
third capital flows from abroad
In international trade theory focuses attention on the analysis of factors influencing:
• trade
• exchange rate
• changes in competitive ability
In turn, the typical approach monetarystycznym accentuates the problem of capital flows.
In scenes more indirect calls attention to the importance of economic makroproporcji
and their changes. It is assumed that the external balance is derived from the inner balance.
Shot Shot
classic classic explains the mechanism of restoring balance of payments only in the gold standard.
positive trade balance and the associated influx of bullion increases the amount of money in circulation and the subsequent rise in prices. This in turn reduces the attractiveness of export price and increases imports.
Shot Shot
neoclassical neoclassical adjustment mechanism applies to actions not in a gold standard, but on paper.
main attention is paid to the exchange rate. His change in relation to price movements in unearned provider payments are based on neo-classical mechanism of compensatory
Like in terms of classical, neoclassical essentially limited to the impact of changes in prices and demand responses to these changes. But take into account the turnover of capital. From this point of view, this approach is better.
The neoclassical approach, as in classical ignored not only changes in income and employment, but also structural and institutional changes and the role of the state in restoring the balance of payments.
Shot Keynesian
It concerns the paper currency system. In contrast to the classical approach are included in it, except:
• automatic market mechanism
• active role of the state and
• changes in the level of national income in the country and abroad
Shot monetary
In the seventies, with the departure from rate system of fixed and progressive liberalization of rotation and capital market development eurodolarowego developed a theory of monetary policy to restore internal and external equilibrium.
in it comes out from the assumption that today we are dealing with the situation of a large and steadily increasing degree of integration of commodity markets, financial and capital markets.
Consequently, we observe the flows of goods and money from countries with their relative abundance of the countries with their relative shortage.
The monetarist approach of the country's balance of payments shows the net flows of capital between countries.
Equity tend to flow from countries where relatively cheaper and more easily available to countries where they are more expensive.
theory of rational expectations theory of monetary
complements the theory of rational expectations.
in it comes out from the assumption that the policy causes a recession such as stabilizing because inflation decreases more slowly than the money supply decreases due to the persistence of inflationary expectations.
task of stabilization policy is therefore to break inflationary expectations and adjustment
price growth rate to changes in supply money.
break of inflation expectations is the publication by the monetary authorities intend to undertake stabilization policy and informing about it, what will the money supply in the future.
Such a policy reduces uncertainty and risk, and creates the conditions for adapting the pace of price changes to changes in money supply.
policy measures to restore the balance of payments
The above mechanisms for restoring balance of payments does not in any case appear to be effective.
From such reasons, individual countries or very rarely appear to the system of individual mechanisms to restore the balance of payments, or to strictly apply the theoretical concepts presented. But appreciating the need to restore the balance of payments, they seek to achieve this with the available resources.
The main measures affecting the external economic balance
include:
• The monetary system and monetary policy
• The fiscal and tax policies
• System policy and profitable
• The system pricing and pricing and competitive conditions
• Administrative and legal measures
monetary system and monetary policy relate to the circumstances of the legal-formal institutions in the sphere of money supply. This system may be more or less subject to the counter and state regulations.
While in principle the central bank focuses on the problems of stability and equilibrium monetary
, it shapes the finance ministry process of institutional change and seeks to reconcile the development objectives of monetary policy.
usually Ministry of Finance and also is responsible for policy budgetary, fiscal, and in the case also for the development of the Polish capital market, changes in the social security system, etc.
monetary policy affects the money supply changes, the level of interest rates and bank reserves.
fiscal system and fiscal policy refers to changes in taxation and expenditure levels and structure of budget expenditures.
They are essential for the distribution of national income on the accumulation and consumption, including the extent of social spending.
Fiscal policy is expansionary if the government increases spending, and (or) reduce taxes. Such actions cause the increase in domestic supply and demand and by the multiplier mechanism stimulate import growth (in degree depending on the marginal propensity to import).
restrictive fiscal policy occurs when the government reduces spending, and (or) increase taxes, which reduces domestic demand and production, leading to a reduction in imports.
change the fiscal system means a change in the rules and the proportion of national income distribution. Increase or decrease the sphere of social benefits in education, health, culture, recreation, social services important for the level of accumulation and sustainability in the long makroekonominej period.
system and income policies are associated largely with the budget and taxation rules of the wage in the public enterprises and state and social insurance system (funduszowy or PAYG).
significant impact on the internal balance of payment and, indirectly, is also a system, a claim or negotiating wage by labor unions and employers.
price system and price policy. Adjustment mechanism includes measures of market prices and income.
pricing mechanism based on the responses of changes in demand and supply to price changes scarce countries deficit and surplus countries.
All prices include not only the prices of goods and services, but also of money (interest rocentową) and labor (wages).
exchange rate is also the price of domestic currency denominated in foreign currencies. From the standpoint of balance of payments the price mechanism works differently in terms of paper money gold standard as well as the rate constant and variable.
administrative and legal measures. Central Administration has the legislative initiative and substantial influence on the socio-economic system, legislation and development of institutions that create an efficient infrastructure market economy.
role of the state and the importance of administrative and legal measures depend on the relative strengths of the political and economic situation of the country.
advancing process of liberalization and economic integration, particularly in highly developed countries, international institutions and development cooperation, reduce the scale of an autonomous economic policy.
level of expenditure, the exchange rate and economic balance
Based on the presented review of measures to restore the balance of payments is easy to see that the majority of of them also applies to internal economic balance of the country.
may give rise to a situation where a country faces a choice between the achievement of external and internal balance.
this dilemma, with regard to the impact on the exchange rate and the volume of expenditure is usually illustrated by a diagram
Swan diagram, the horizontal axis indicates the changes in the level of demand, and real domestic expenditure, and the vertical axis to exchange rate fluctuations. This treatment allows us to analyze the impact of changes in spending and the exchange rate on the balance of internal and external. Growth y-axis means the devaluation, the decline - the currency revaluation. The graph line of the market equilibrium LRR is a sloping, and the balance of payments LRP - rising. Market equilibrium line is at full employment and no inflation.
assumed that prices are stable until they reach full employment. Line
balance of payments is equal to the assumed line of the balance of trade (assume no
capital flows).
intersection point of two lines of the general strike a balance struck by O. Fields
line market balance and the payment is characterized four zones imbalances.
Each zone therefore has two distinguishing features related to the deviation from the equilibrium point O.
Had the level of domestic demand corresponding to point
exchange rate stood at R3, to surpluses odnotowalibyśmy paying
full employment and inflation trends. However, if this course was to revalue
level R, odnotowalibyśmy - at the same level of domestic demand - the emergence
trade deficit and unemployment.
Similarly, increasing or decreasing the level of demand in countries from the point of Acts to D3 or D ~ spowodowalibyśmy
, with unchanged for monetary growth and inflation or the deficit
trade surplus and a robot.
Chart helps identify actions to be taken to reach a balance and paying market
.
Example 1 Suppose we are in a deficit situation and unemployment payments, ie, in the IV
point C. Then, to achieve the equilibrium point O requires two actions:
devaluation and reduction of domestic demand. If we had confined themselves to one
way interaction, we could achieve only one equilibrium.
Example 2 Assume that we are in surplus and inflation box in Section D. To restore
balance, ie to reach the point, we must also take two actions. First, make
revaluation of currency, and secondly to reduce domestic demand. If we
were in the same field of surplus and inflation at the point E, in addition to the revaluation
we should increase domestic demand.
adjustment programs of the international monetary fund and world bank
The programs adaptation is not only
reforms designed to restore balance of payments, but also, and perhaps above all,
build lasting foundations for sustainable economic development.
Economic stability and inflation control are the basis
adjustment programs the IMF and World Bank.
adjustment programs are agreed upon by a member country of the IMF plan
proceedings, which ensure the restoration of macroeconomic balance, including paying
.
country, which implements the agreed adjustment program, can count not only on substantive assistance
in its implementation, but also on financial assistance from the IMF and World Bank
.
contain so-called adjustment programs. performance criteria. These criteria include:
monetary aggregates associated with the supply of money, such as M1, M2, M3,
positive interest rate
limiting the size of the budget deficit, inflation
,
level of foreign exchange reserves,
current account balance,
tax policy,
liberalization of the banking system, trade-
with foreign countries, changes in ownership
.
Positive periodic assessment of the implementation of agreed with the IMF adjustment program determines the starting
subsequent tranches of loans In addition to the stabilization of macroeconomic stabilization
important objective of adjustment programs is to liberalize trade and
capital of the country.
The adjustment programs recommended and funded in part by the IMF,
postulated:
concomitant use of active monetary and fiscal policies and exchange rate policy.
also recommended the liberalization of economic policies increased
control the money supply.
The adjustment programs implemented in countries of East Asia, and Latin America
Central and Eastern Europe of great importance is attributed to:
reduce the budget deficit,
use of positive interest rate
mobilizing domestic savings
According to the IMF, these factors have a major impact on inflation size of the deficit
trade and currency reserves of payment
implementation of adjustment programs recommended by the IMF's very often leads to a recession
.
basic components such adjustment policies are
use positive rate,
elimination of subsidies, price liberalization
,
drastically reduce the money supply,
budget expenditures, especially social spending,
liberalization of foreign trade, currency devaluation
and its stabilization.
Experience with the implementation of stabilization programs, among others in Latin America: the
Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia and Argentina, and then in Central Europe, including
in Poland, and South-East Asia show the dependency programs
adjustment of the level of development, general equilibrium
and specific legal and institutional conditions.
Consequently, these programs, however, refer to the theory of absorption and transfer of monetary theory and
differ include in matters relating to the role of the state and the pace and sequence
liberalization process.
second Trade policy
concept of trade policy.
Country carries some in the field of foreign trade, using
instruments (tools) - the trade policy. This policy aims to ensure wider
protection of domestic production and employment and balance of payments (trade). Objectives:
restrictive import measures (eg import tariffs) and export growth
stimulants (such as export subsidies). In practical terms, trade policy and foreign economic policy
are usually used interchangeably.
- instruments (tools) trade policy.
instruments of trade policy more generally can be divided into measures
parataryfowe and non-tariff measures. Measures (barriers) parataryfowe work like duty, serve
limiting exchange by increasing prices of domestic goods. They also include measures to boost exports
by lowering the prices of domestic goods (eg, subsidies).
These include: various types of import levies, minimum import prices, export subsidies, import
deposits, etc. Other measures other than tariffs and barriers parataryfowe, is referred to as non-tariff
. Duty is a charge levied on foreign goods in connection with his
crossing the customs border. Customs duties are among the oldest instruments
favoritism. The main purpose of the duties is to protect individual industries
national and sometimes balance of payments. Three types: anti valuable
specific duties, customs duties combined. Duty can be established for an indefinite period or to have such a seasonal
goal. Duties may be levied on: the import, export or transit of goods across the country
. The export subsidies are export subsidies
help increase sales abroad by improving the competitiveness of domestic products at
foreign market. Subsidies may be granted in form of direct or indirect.
use of subsidies results in a significant impact on trading partners. Increased influx of subsidized
products to the world market will reduce the world price of the device
. Dumping Being dumped is similar to subsidies: two instruments
means sales abroad at a price below the selling price in the domestic market.
difference is that dumping is used by companies and
subsidies by the government. The essence of the dumping is therefore selling the same products at different prices
. The exporting company, which sells dumped abroad,
tries to compensate for their losses by raising prices on the domestic market.
consumers lose out. In a country which is an importer of sales at dumped
can purchase cheaper products, but detrimental to the interests of domestic producers
. Affected country or threatened the effects of dumping (as
subsidies) has the right to defend itself. Variable levies are the difference between variable
world market for the commodity and fixed at a given time (guaranteed by the government
) the price of the internal market. Guaranteed prices. Quantitative restrictions, also called
quota or quotas means of a specific limit
limit the volume of imports (or exports). In extreme cases this may limit
be "zero" and then we are dealing with the prohibition of imports (exports). The quota can
be determined in terms of value or quantity. The amounts can be determined in a way
global (total for all foreign suppliers), or may be divided between the various suppliers
. Issuance of licenses is quite simple (for importer)
way to meet the set quota. Licences are issued subject to availability
size of such amount. Licenses can also be implemented without the establishment of quantitative restrictions
. They serve for example, the Voluntary VERS export restrictions.
- the case for favoritism.:
first The argument of employment protection. According to the import restrictions, limiting
imports, encourage domestic producers to increase production of goods
competing with imports, and hence employment.
second The argument to improve the balance of payments. This argument says that the import restriction
lead to improved trade balance, and thus the payments. 3. Argument
improve terms of trade. This argument was used to formulate the concept of optimal protection
duty, ie a level of tariff rate that maximizes prosperity. 4. Argument
protect infant industries. This argument (called infant industries) is
used to justify the desirability of interim protection against some
industries to enable them to develop until they are able to compete with foreign producers
on market conditions. 5. Argument
imperfections of the domestic market. Proponents of this argument agree that free trade can
deliver maximum benefits for the country. For this to happen, however, must be met
various conditions, including the free and uninterrupted operation
mechanism in the economy of free market and competition.
directions and trends in foreign trade policy after World War II.
From the standpoint of the degree of protection of the domestic market can be broadly identified two
trade policies. Policy of trade liberalization means reducing the degree of protection
own market, eg by reducing tariffs and removing quantitative restrictions.
Full liberalization would mean a free-trade policies, ie no state interference in
trade (economic relations) and the lack of barriers in access to its market for goods and
foreign firms. The opposite is the policy of protectionism
which relies on increasing difficulties in access to its market and (or)
expanding means of promoting exports. An extreme case of this policy is
autarky, and thus completely closing the economy to economic relations with the world.
They confirmed the general accuracy of this occurring in previous periods,
were concerned that the liberalization of those countries whose economies had a great ability
competitive internationally. If you were in favor of protectionism, while the poorer countries
showing a reduced ability to compete on international markets
. From the standpoint of the degree of openness (closed) economies
leading countries in the postwar period can extract several subperiods:
1.1947-1973 (Statute on the establishment of the GATT and the first negotiations on tariff reductions
to severe recession in the world), dominated the liberalization trends
trade openness and growth of national economies;
2.1974-1986 (from recession to begin negotiations of the Uruguay Round) was
growth measures and protectionist pressures, while weakening
interest in further liberalization;
3.SINCE 1986 (from the start of the Uruguay Round) by 1 January 1995, the appointment
World Trade Organisation WTO in brief was the period in which
negotiators undertook not to erect new barriers to trade,
inconsistent with the GATT, and this has inhibited the protectionist pressures;
4.od 1 January 1995 (ie from the establishment of the WTO, which replaced the GATT, and has since
him much greater power.)
This division, especially after the extreme, of course, is contractual in nature. In the analysis of economic
It is very difficult to precisely determine the time limits between the different phenomena
.
objectives and principles of the GATT and the WTO
main forum for international trade liberalization throughout the postwar period was
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
, abbreviated GATT). It entered into force on 1 January 1948 This system was created as a temporary solution
designed to promote the establishment of the World Trade Organization
(MOH). This organization was supposed to be - next to the previously created the IMF and World Bank
(in 1944) - the third institution international economic
facilitate cooperation between countries. The main purpose of GATT was the gradual reduction of tariff rates and a weakening
other barriers to international trade (trade liberalization) and
eliminate discrimination and to contribute in this way to the development of international trade
. "Such an approach has been associated with the whole philosophy of GATT.
she alluded to the principles of classical economic theory. Recall that in this theory assumed superiority of free trade
over the situation in which the state regulates the direction and scope of economic exchanges with foreign countries
. GATT was based on several basic principles that
formed a sort of code of good conduct in international trade, and were subordinated to the tasks
Agreement. These rules took over, the World Trade Organization
(WTO). The basic principle is non-discrimination and equal treatment.
It finds expression in the unconditional most favored nation (MFN)
applicable in the relations between the parties to the General Agreement. Its essence is equal treatment of foreign
partners can not be granted special benefits to one partner
and him only because all have equal rights to them. The most important
permitted deviation from the MFN is the ability to create free trade zones
and customs union (Article XXIV), ie the equality of benefits and concessions.
GATT (WTO) is not obliged to reduce its tariff rates or to make other concessions
without obtaining mutual benefits from a partner. During negotiations
exchange of concessions is so recognized by the partners as equivalent.
The third important principle is the possibility of intervention in trade (eg in order to protect the home industry
) basically only through tariff rates, and not by other
trade policy instruments. The duties were found to be in fact the only permitted
measure of state intervention in trade due to the fact that influence the level of prices and the
the demand, and therefore does not affect the essence of market mechanisms. Another principle is the so-called
. National clause. According to it, the imported product should not be
treated less favorably than similar products of national origin (Article III
GATT). This applies, in particular, the tax burden (both
direct and indirect) as well as other rules and requirements
the sale, purchase, transportation, distribution and use of these goods on the domestic market
. The basic functions that the GATT served in the postwar period,
be summarized as follows: the creation and supervision of the principles of trade, facilitate its handling and
provide participants with stable trading conditions;
conduct negotiations on tariff reduction and elimination of other barriers to the development
international trade, and inhibition of protectionist tendencies
;
to assess the situation in world trade and finding ways
remove obstacles to hamper its development;
settlement of disputes concerning the implementation of commitments
FOR IN members to other members of the General Agreement;
periodic modification of rules and procedures of the Agreement in order to adapt them to
changes in the global economy.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was replaced
the World Trade Organization, established 1 January 1995 (World Trade Organization, in a nutshell
WTO), with wider powers than the GATT. The main task of the WTO is supervising the
implemented by individual countries
Uruguay Round agreements. This organization provides a forum:
negotiations on further liberalization of international trade in goods, service
,
for foreign investment related to trade in goods and
intellectual property rights. The WTO also provides a procedure for settling disputes
more effective than existing
and uniform for all areas covered by the regulations.
As a result of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the WTO - was a system of uniform rules on international
trade. To participate in the WTO is the adoption of all or
Round agreements (contained over 500 pages), or
reject them. At the beginning of 1997 were 128 WTO members countries. Poland acceded to the WTO
1 July 1995, after completion of the ratification of all agreements of the Uruguay Round
.
third International economic integration
term international economic integration (definitions, rationale,
issue of international integration and national sovereignty)
term international economic integration
Definitions integration
International economic integration is understood as a process of unification (anastomosis)
national economies. Merge does not mean, however, adding
economic potentials, but the creation of new organisms with different
economic characteristics.
first case - it is understood as the integration of state and as a process. According to Z.
Kameckiego, the integration is meant to produce, on the basis of educated
single economic structure, a body comprising a group of economic
countries.
Case Two - it understood as the integration process regulated by a mechanism
free market or shaped by the state.
According to B. Balassa integration is a process of removing barriers to international trade
goods, labor, capital and services in order to create conditions for the smooth functioning of the mechanism
free market.
third case - that the benefits of integration, whether some countries can make money on it, and others
to lose? According
Bożyk P. and M. Guzek, the concept of international economic integration
be understood to develop such links, which all countries of the integration grouping brings
benefit more than possible to achieve in the absence of integration
.
Conditions and terms of integration
Contemporary international economic integration is an objective process.
At its root are the requirements of the contemporary stage of economic development, especially
the need for large-scale production, rapid technological progress
, the development of specialization and cooperation in both the manufacturing and research
and - therefore - the need to to have broad
marketplaces.
international and transnational integration and sovereignty Member
In the case of international integration is not a formal threat to the sovereignty of member states
; created bodies - bodies of integration - in fact focus their attention on
coordination of domestic and foreign policies of individual countries.
They can make recommendations but have no binding force to its addressees, who should
- but need not - comply with this recommendation.
recommendations of international bodies are a kind of integration proposals,
suggestions, or wishes to member countries.
instrument taking effect only after approval by national governments
countries and converting them to a resolution, ordinance, or any other legal acts.
models of economic integration
Concept model and integration mechanism
The concept of the integration model, we understand the overall picture of
integration team comprising of its major properties, including in particular the division of powers between the
international or supranational bodies and governments
States, and between the central centers of power
business in individual countries and businesses.
According to this definition, the integration model includes primarily those
making decisions about international relations.
The simplest solution is the free trade zone. It means the elimination of tariff and
quantitative restrictions on trade between a specific group of countries. These countries remain
both autonomous external customs tariff and conduct its own independent policy
trade with third countries.
example of a free trade zone is EFTA (European Association
Free Trade Association), established pursuant to the Agreement, which entered into force in May 1960
preference is in this case and apply the abolition of customs duties and restrictions on
trade turnover between the countries of the union (This preference also occurs in the free zone
trade), and discrimination - on the introduction and use of a common country
union external tariff.
abolition of customs duties within the union makes certain types of goods produced in different countries
union may be, unlike previously available on the markets of other countries
union at prices competitive with local goods.
common market is higher than the free trade area and customs union, a form of integration, he means
not only the abolition of customs duties between themselves and the introduction of a common customs tariff
towards third countries, but also the free movement of capital and labor force
within the group inclusive.
a single market requires a particular uniform pricing policy within the group
Monetary union involves, in addition to a free trade zone, customs union and common market,
coordination (or unification) of monetary policy pursued by countries included in the composition of the integration grouping
Economic Union include, in addition to a free trade zone, customs union, common market and monetary union
, coordination (or unification) of specific areas of economic policy, and
both overall and in individual sectors of the economy.
Political Union means the coordination (or unification) of both domestic policy and foreign
countries included in the integration group.
EUROPEAN UNION as the most advanced form of economic integration
integration of Western Europe began with the creation of the European
Coal and Steel Community (1952) and the European Atomic Energy Community
(1958). In early 1958, entered into force the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community
.
The originally entered the EEC: Belgium, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany and Italy.
In 1973, accession to the EEC: United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland, in 1981 - Greece, in 1986, while
- Spain and Portugal.
Council members are bound by the instructions of the government and represent the interests of their countries.
function President serve consecutively every six months.
Council is a body that provides overall coordination of economic policies
members of the community and has the right to make decisions.
Single European Act introduced a correction in the method of implementation by the Commission
Communities (now called the Commission) of its executive powers.
key feature of the legal status of members of the European Commission is its independence
from national governments. The European Commission initiates and prepares most of the Council of Ministers Decision
.
At the same time, it takes its own decisions, formulate recommendations and opinions. They are not
but for the most part legally binding only in cases specifically
indicated by the Treaty of Rome, the Commission's decisions are binding for the
States. Single European Act also increased the role of the European Parliament
in decision-making.
In total, the powers of the Parliament are scarce, he / she is in an advisory capacity in relation to other bodies
and limited functions of political control of
Commission. Minor changes were introduced by Single European Act to the Court of Justice
function.
function of the Court is to ensure respect for the law in the interpretation and use of
Treaty of Rome. It decides on the legality of primarily (according to
Treaty) and the decisions taken by the Council of the European Union and the European Commission and also
resolve disputes on the implementation of commitments made by the state.
third important document (other than the Treaty of Rome and the Single European Act
) is the Treaty of Maastricht on European Union, signed on 9-10 December 1991
This system includes plans by the end of the European Communities
this century. These include provisions:
for economic and monetary union, common defense policy
,
European Union citizenship,
common foreign policy, further increasing the powers of
the European Parliament.
Approval of this Agreement by the parliaments of member countries and the European Parliament
and the entry into force on 1 November 1993 shall be construed as endorse
joint program of building economic and monetary union, in the final stage
leading to adoption of the single currency - the euro, common to all countries
States. The Union is an area without internal borders, a common foreign policy and one
defense policy, citizenship, etc.
form of a common integration policy
common commercial policy was covered in the Treaty of Rome.
form a customs union was accompanied by both a codification of rules governing the interchange
goods, including the zones and free warehouses, calculation
customs value of goods, rules of origin.
common industrial policy to be implemented in practice in two ways:
mainly indirectly, by creating a free trade area, customs union, common market
, economic and monetary union,
as well as directly - through harmonization of industrial policy in the strict sense
member countries. Realigning
serve the industrial policy to increase freedom of movement of factors of production
within the EEC, in particular the abolition of restrictions on the movement.
primary objective of a common industrial policy, the EEC was to become - according to the memorandum
- improving the adaptability of businesses and industries
to rapidly changing conditions, including in particular the structural changes
faster technological progress, the prevention of environmental devastation, etc.
continuation of this price are the duties and levies to protect against cheap imports from outside the European Union
. At the same time that EU countries use a system of centralized purchases (after
guaranteed prices), to counter falling prices below the level guaranteed
(when supply exceeds demand). Exports from the European Union to third countries
is subsidized because of the existence of differences in prices in the EU and world markets.
Financing
this system is the European Guidance and Guarantee Fund
Fund (EAGGF). Funding takes place when the European Union market appear
surplus and when you need to subsidize exports.
principles of a market outside
Principles of the single internal market of the European Union
institutional basis for creating a single internal market of the European Union
a Single European Act, which brought amendments and additions to the Treaty of Rome
, reforming the institutional system of the Community and announced the creation of the
end 1992, a common market for goods, services, labor and capital.
detailed program of the single internal market, developed by a team led
J. Delors (so-called White Paper) was published in 1914
June 1985 and adopted by the European Council, ie the summit of leaders of countries
States of the European Union Milan, 28-29 June this year.
included a list of major projects, whose implementation was to be completed by the end of 1992
included:
provide a completely free flow of goods, services and factors of production
within the European Union (and thus eliminate the end of these restrictions and tariff barriers
, quasi-and non-tariff, which could not be removed
accordance with the arrangements of the Treaty of Rome, or which were at that time
entered), the creation of Citizens of Europe (ie, no way encumbered
movement of people),
strengthening the European Monetary System, the introduction of a common policy
scientific and technological development and the common environmental policy, natural
.
February 1, 1987 was published called. Delors Package Fri The success of the Single European Act
: a new frontier for Europe. This included a strategy for the single internal market
and indications that the end of 1992 to build such a market, which
major component of economic union. From 1 January 1993, the single internal market
became a fact.
Poland and the European economic integration.
Polish rules of association with the European Communities
Polish Association Agreement with the European Communities and the stages of its implementation
Polish Association Agreement with the European Communities was signed on 16 December 1991
1 March 1992 entered into force so. Interim Agreement. On the basis is created
free trade area in industrial goods. The construction process of this area lasted until the end of 1998
Poland abolished the duty on 1500 items, including raw materials and industrial products in
our country is not produced.
Both the European Union and Poland retained autonomy in shaping
its agricultural policy in the future.
in this area is not expected to create a free trade area by the end of
of the Association Agreement.
Community Europe undertook to partially liberalize imports of Polish agricultural
criteria varied in time and cargo.
Poland and committed to cut customs duties by 10 points on 15% of agricultural imports from the area
Communities.
Polish balance of mutual benefits and the European Communities during the implementation of the Agreement
conclusion of an Association Agreement with the European Communities has worked well in Polish
benefit from cooperation with the grouping.
Firstly, these benefits arise from:
increasing access to highly absorbent of the market.
This is followed by Poland extended series of products,
increased the scale of production, improved efficiency of the economy
.
There are many areas where Polish producers have a comparative advantage in the market
Communities, due primarily to lower labor costs.
Second, the incentive for the Polish economy is to increase competition in the domestic market
, due to the openness of the economy for goods imported from the European Union
.
Thirdly, a benefit for Polish is a stabilizing influence
Association Agreement in its economic policy.
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